In response to my "Tamerlane" post, commenter Josh writes:
How are schools public goods?
Good question. I will give you the answer that I gave in my Public Finance field course.
Schools are public goods because of their function as jails. Young boys who are not closely supervised by their parents will tend to form violent gangs; the violence perpetrated by these gangs imposes costs that spill over into every segment of society and the economy (go watch the movie City of God for a demonstration of how this works). By forcing boys into a structured environment for most of the day, public schools keep them off the street, creating huge spillover benefits for third parties. Schools are therefore a public good. Incidentally, this is why your junior high probably felt like a state prison - it was one.
BUT, the public good-ness of schools is not why we spend a lot of government money on them. We spend government money on schools because of an incomplete markets problem.
Human capital is extremely valuable. Some people estimate the return to human capital investment as being around 15% (good luck getting that return from your retirement account!). But human capital suffers from an incomplete markets problem, because the crucial time frame for the purchasing of human capital (i.e. childhood) comes at a time when the owner and main beneficiary of the capital (i.e. the child) is not legally empowered to make his or her own investment decisions. Since as a toddler you can't possibly pay to educate yourself, anyone who does end up footing the bill for your education will probably end up not seeing a positive return on their investment. So if education is purely private, we will probably end up with a lot less human capital investment than is optimal (or than your grown-up self will wish you'd received as a toddler).
Note that this incomplete markets problem, though not a public goods problem in the classic Lindahl-Samuelson sense, nevertheless looks a lot like one. The transaction between whoever pays for your early childhood education (the govt., your parents, the Catholic Church, etc.) and whoever provides the education (teachers) has very important benefits to a third party (you). So it's a similar kind of issue.
What are the solutions to this incomplete markets problem? Well, we could solve it the Coasian way, by giving some older person(s) - e.g. your parents - the right to the proceeds from your future labor. But this would mean you would be born into slavery. It is therefore a solution that society, and also a large number of libertarians, will be unwilling to accept. (Note for all you sci-fi economists out there; when "superbaby" technology comes around, parental rights will be a much bigger and more uncomfortable issue!)
The modern solution to the incomplete markets problem has been to have government step in and buy little kids an education. We've fixed an arbitrary cutoff for legal adulthood (albeit one that we now know is loosely supported by science), and we've decided that before that cutoff, the government will invest in your human capital. So far, the system of universal public education has been a resounding success, and has probably been a huge factor in the development of rich modern economies. It's not hard to see why. Before universal public education, there were some private schools, but most parents opted to keep their kids around the house to do labor for the family. It was a perfectly rational equilibrium. Socialization of education solved the incomplete markets problem and created the vast literate workforces that undergird every moden nation's prosperity.
As a final note, I want to point out that this is just one more reason to be wary of the modern American libertarian movement. The philosophy has never had a good answer to the question of children's rights. And yet the question of whether or not the government and/or or your parents can make you go to school is of crucial importance to the wealth of nations...and hence of crucial importance to our ability to guard our future liberty against Tamerlane.
Update: Lots of EconLog love today. Arnold Kling asks why government needs to provide education instead of just subsidize it. My answer: No reason in principle, but in practice government contractors seem quite hard to monitor. David Henderson says that innocent kids shouldn't be sent to prison/school. My 12-year-old self certainly agreed with him...but society fears gangs more than it loves perfect child liberty. Henderson also asks why people are more willing to vote for public schools than they are to pay for them. The answer to this is simple: people gain a lot from other people's kids being educated, since systemic underinvestment in education makes the country as a whole much poorer (and thus lowers parents' real wages). So they agree to pay taxes to have their kids educated, as long as everyone else does so as well, and the net benefit they receive is far more than if only they themselves were paying to have their own kids educated. So government solves a coordination problem, similarly to the public goods case.
I will re-iterate the point I made in earlier comments: education is a sunk-cost investment, the full social returns to which tend to diffuse away from the possessor of the education. Even the putative returns to the individual from a college education are mostly artifacts of using credentials as a filter for the seats of bureaucratic power and for the professions, which enjoy substantial rents. Simple incidence analysis would confirm that urban landlords end up with a lot of the returns on college education.
ReplyDeleteIf you are going with "incomplete markets", you should at least say, "insurance". The key difficulty, in a world of incomplete information and genuine uncertainty, is risk-aversion. As you say, parents, who had to pay, from limited family wealth, would make highly risk-averse choices. And, a Coasian solution would make adult slaves out of educated children, creating another problem of risk-averse -- or, that other outcome of a shortage of "insurance": desperate and reckless behavior.
Governments are well-suited to providing "insurance", and, given incomplete markets in "insurance" that's an important function. It is also a function for government that libertarians characteristically tend to object to, perhaps because of its implications for income distribution.
You don't explicitly say it, but you've also described a positive externality. Others benefit from an individual's education.
ReplyDelete"Socialization of education solved the incomplete markets problem and created the vast literate workforces that undergird every moden nation's prosperity."
Education is not a public good. A public good is one that is non-rivaled and non-excludable. Due to communication technologies, education IS non-rivaled. However, it is excludable. Has a child ever been taken out of class? Yes. One can be denied the service of education by the producer of said education.
ReplyDeleteEducation is not a public good.
Thanks for responding to my question.
ReplyDeleteJails aren't a public good either. You can make an argument based on externalities, but that still doesn't make a good a public good.
Also, having your parents decide whether you go to school until you reach a certain age (let's say 15) is way less of the slavery option than compulsory education.
Libertarians don't have all the answers to the difficult questions of organizing society; but no one person does, and you certainly don't.
Whether or not education fits some formal definition of a "public good" has very little to do with whether or not it is good for the public. It also has very little to with your original "Tamerlane" post.
ReplyDeleteYou are getting a lot of negative comments because you are undercutting the ability of stupid white boys both influence public policy and to pretend that they are intellectuals.
@Helen
ReplyDeleteYou may not be an economist, and that's ok, but realize you are reading an economic blog.
The question of whether all positive externalities can be represented as public goods (depending on how you choose to define the set of goods) is something I'll leave for another post. But if you feel uncomfortable with a liberal use of the word "public good," just substitute "positive externality", since both are cases when economic efficiency requires the solving of a coordination problem.
ReplyDeleteNoah: have you read David Friedman's old essay "The Weak Case for Public Schooling?" He responds to many, if not all, of the arguments you give.
ReplyDeleteYour belief that the prosperity of modern societies is due to public education is questionable. The USA was quite wealthy in the 1940s (when our industrial capacity provided much of the wealth required to prosecute wars in Europe and Asia) and even into the 50s but much of the workforce had not been subjected to the requirement to complete high-school.
ReplyDelete18-24 year old boys (sometimes called men) also form gangs, but are not subject to compulsory education. And, in areas where gangs are a big problem, the schools don't seem to be much deterrent to the below 18 crowd.
Your claim that the alternative to public schools would be gangs is quite questionable. "The City of God" is not a place where Robert Nozick is in charge of educational policy. I would find it just as plausible that the public schooling system as we know it encourages the existence of youth gangs.
ReplyDeleteI was told that the primary reason for the institution of compulsory education was to keep the brats out of the work force to lower competition for jobs for a while.
ReplyDeleteNow it seems that Daddy BigBucks wants to restrict higher education so that his C+ average son can learn enough to succeed him as CEO of BigBucks Corp., although Jr. does well only in Physical Education and has yet to pass Remedial Math.
Noah,
ReplyDeleteGangs are still formed by kids who are supposed to be in public school. Gangs are a product of poverty, not the lack of organized and compulsory schooling.
The street gangs of history eventually turned into organized crime, and after that into governments. There isn't much of a functional difference between paying "protection money" and "taxes."
"Well, we could solve it the Coasian way, by giving some older person(s) - e.g. your parents - the right to the proceeds from your future labor. But this would mean you would be born into slavery."
ReplyDeleteWell, we are on our way to this solution in the tertiary education, with student loans for the ever-increasing tuition (non-forgivable, even if return on educational investment does not pan out) absorbing the rights to the proceeds of a student's labor for longer and longer times.